C Programming Tutorials

Pre-Processors
The C Preprocessor is not part of the compiler, but is a separate step in the compilation process. In simplistic terms, a C Preprocessor is just a text substitution tool. We'll refer to the C Preprocessor as the CPP.

All preprocessor lines begin with #

The unconditional directives are:
#include - Inserts a particular header from another file
#define - Defines a preprocessor macro
#undef - Undefines a preprocessor macro
The conditional directives are:
#ifdef - If this macro is defined
#ifndef - If this macro is not defined
#if - Test if a compile time condition is true
#else - The alternative for #if
#elif - #else an #if in one statement
#endif - End preprocessor conditional
Other directives include:
# - Stringization, replaces a macro parameter with a string constant
## - Token merge, creates a single token from two adjacent ones

Pre-Processors Examples:
Analyze following examples to understand various directives

#define MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH 20

Tells the CPP to replace instances of MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH with 20. Use #define for constants to increase readability.

#include <stdio.h>
#include "myheader.h"

Tells the CPP to get stdio.h from System Libraries and add the text to this file. The next line tells CPP to get myheader.h from the local directory and add the text to the file.

#undef FILE_SIZE
#define FILE_SIZE 42

Tells the CPP to undefined FILE_SIZE and define it for 42.

#ifndef MESSAGE
#define MESSAGE "You wish!"
#endif

Tells the CPP to define MESSAGE only if MESSAGE isn't defined already.

#ifdef DEBUG
/* Your debugging statements here */
#endif

Tells the CPP to do the following statements if DEBUG is defined. This is useful if you pass the -DDEBUG flag to gcc. This will define DEBUG, so you can turn debugging on and off on the fly!

Stringize (#):
The stringize or number-sign operator ('#'), when used within a macro definition, converts a macro parameter into a string constant. This operator may be used only in a macro that has a specified argument or parameter list.

When the stringize operator immediately precedes the name of one of the macro parameters, the parameter passed to the macro is enclosed within quotation marks and is treated as a string literal. For example:

#include <stdio.h>

#define message_for(a, b) \
printf(#a " and " #b ": We love you!\n")

int main(void)
{
message_for(Carole, Debra);
return 0;
}

This will produce following result using stringization macro message_for

Carole and Debra: We love you!

Token Pasting (##):
The token-pasting operator (##) within a macro definition combines two arguments. It permits two separate tokens in the macro definition to be joined into a single token.

If the name of a macro parameter used in the macro definition is immediately preceded or followed by the token-pasting operator, the macro parameter and the token-pasting operator are replaced by the value of the passed parameter. Text that is adjacent to the token-pasting operator that is not the name of a macro parameter is not affected. For example:

#define tokenpaster(n) printf ("token" #n " = %d", token##n)

tokenpaster(34);

This example results in the following actual output from the preprocessor:

printf ("token34 = %d", token34);

This example shows the concatenation of token##n into token34. Both the stringize and the token-pasting operators are used in this example.

Parameterized Macros:
One of the powerful functions of the CPP is the ability to simulate functions using parameterized macros. For example, we might have some code to square a number:

int square(int x)
{
return x * x;
}

We can instead rewrite this using a macro:

#define square(x) ((x) * (x))

Macros with arguments must be defined using the #define directive before they can be used. The argument list is enclosed in parentheses and must immediately follow the macro name. Spaces are not allowed between and macro name and open parenthesis. For example:

#define MAX(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (x) : (y))

Macro Caveats:

Macro definitions are not stored in the object file. They are only active for the duration of a single source file starting when they are defined and ending when they are undefined (using #undef), redefined, or when the end of the source file is found.
Macro definitions you wish to use in multiple source files may be defined in an include file which may be included in each source file where the macros are required.
When a macro with arguments is invoked, the macro processor substitutes the arguments into the macro body and then processes the results again for additional macro calls. This makes it possible, but confusing, to piece together a macro call from the macro body and from the macro arguments.
Most experienced C programmers enclose macro arguments in parentheses when they are used in the macro body. This technique prevents undesired grouping of compound expressions used as arguments and helps avoid operator precedence rules overriding the intended meaning of a macro.
While a macro may contain references to other macros, references to itself are not expanded. Self-referencing macros are a special feature of ANSI Standard C in that the self-reference is not interpreted as a macro call. This special rule also applies to indirectly self-referencing macros (or macros that reference themselves through another macro).

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